I. INTRODUCTION TO DIABETIC REVOLUTION
Diabetic retinopathy is a medical condition with damage to the retina caused by diabetes. This is the leading cause of blindness and the incidence of the disease has increased rapidly in recent years in our country. The longer a person has diabetes, the worse the treatment, the higher the risk of developing retinopathy. It affects more than 80% of people who have had diabetes for 20 years or more. Prolonged high blood sugar causes damage to the blood vessels of all organs in the body, most evident in the blood vessels. In the eye, due to damage to the retinal capillaries, increased vascular permeability, plasma leakage into the retina causes edema. When the capillaries are destroyed, causing blockage and lack of blood to the retina, the body responds by secreting factors that stimulate the growth of new blood vessels (new vessels) to nourish these areas of the retina. However, these blood vessels are fragile and fragile, causing complications such as retinal hemorrhage, vitreous hemorrhage, fibrosis, and retinal detachment [1].
Figure 1: Fluorescent retinal imaging (A. Normal; B. Diabetic VM) [1]
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs in 90% of diabetes cases that develop after 10 to 15 years, regardless of whether or not the diabetes is insulin dependent. Over 200 million people worldwide have diabetes, while in Vietnam about 4.5 million people have it, of which about 20% of people with diabetes have eye complications with varying degrees. If not detected and treated early, the lesions of the disease in the fundus will be very severe such as macular edema, retinal hemorrhage, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, etc. lead to blindness.
The world also makes an assessment that the number of patients with diabetes / the number of patients without diabetes is 50/50 [2]. According to current statistics, 2.7% of the Vietnamese population has diabetes, 4.4% of the population in big cities, of which 90% have type 2 diabetes. The rate of eye complications accounts for 20% such as glaucoma, cataracts. vitreous; Diabetic retinopathy accounts for 85%, this is an eye complication if not detected early, timely treatment will cause blindness [2]. In Vietnam, a number of studies on diabetic eye complications have been published [3]. Over 147 diabetic patients treated at the endocrinology department of Bach Mai hospital from 1984-1988, the rate of eye complications was 33.4%, of which retinal damage was 10.92%. Most stages of diabetic retinopathy, but proliferative diabetic retinopathy accounted for 69.88%. From this study, some experience in treatment and early detection of retinopathy in order to reduce the rate of blindness in diabetic patients has been drawn.
II. DIABETES DIABETIC DIABETES DIAGNOSIS ALTERNATIVES
Of the more recent algorithms, most are built on one or more of the following six constitutive models:
(i) CNN (Convolutional neural network): Convolutional neural network.
(ii) ANN (Artificial neural network): Artificial Neural Network
(iii) NN-other: versions of ANNs other than CNN, such as recurrent neural network (RNN) and long-short-term memory (LSTM) model.
(iv) Fuzzy ML: Methods based on fuzzy logic, such as fuzzy inference systems and/or fuzzy inference series among others, and with ML implementation.
(v) SVM (Support vector machine.)- support vector machine
(vi) RF (Random forest): random forest.
Figure 2: Distribution ratio of 84 studies among new diagnostic algorithms for diabetic retinopathy
Figure 3: Euler diagram showing the distribution of studies
III. REGIONAL PHOTO DATA
In Vietnam, a number of studies have investigated some clinical and subclinical characteristics of hypertensive patients with pre-diabetes or determined anthropometric, clinical/paraclinical characteristics; risk factors for hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes, etc. However, there are no studies that have made the diagnosis from retinal imaging. The most commonly used retinal datasets include Kaggle-EyePACS, STARE, DRIVE, IDRiD, HRF and Messidor in studies.
IV. CONCLUDE
Diabetes is becoming one of the common diseases with type II diabetes reaching epidemic proportions and type I diabetes steadily increasing worldwide. With diabetes in addition to other health complications and diseases that limit life also include macrovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease and stroke. In addition, it can also be the cause of other diseases such as peripheral neuritis, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a health complication that occurs as a result of long-term diabetes with poor blood sugar management. As stated above, DR is an eye disease that eventually leads to vision loss. Diabetes affects the production and sensitivity of insulin, and thus the body’s ability to absorb glucose, resulting in high blood sugar.
This report explores the common symptoms of diabetic retinopathy and briefly reviews machine learning methods to aid in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy and common data in this problem in order to: Support doctors to treat diseases effectively.
V. REFERENCES
[first]. Dinh Viet Nghia. (2019). Diabetic retinopathy. Hospital 108.
[2]. Kim Minh, Truc, V. L. N., Tan, V. V., & Tram, T. V. (2021). Situation of diabetic retinopathy and related factors in Tien Giang province 2020. Vietnam Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, (46), 117-122.
[3]. Luong Ngoc Khue, Nguyen Thuy Khue (2016). Management of Diabetes STENO- VDCD. Training materials organized by the Department of Medical Examination and Treatment in Tien Giang.
DEPARTMENT OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY AND VIRTUAL REALITY